similarities of developed and developing countries

Developed nations. "2021/22 HDR Technical Note," Pages 2-3. "Energy Sources and Distribution. "Births, Deaths and Infant Mortality. Small countries represented as points. ", Government of Canada. Given its relatively high GDP and small population, Ireland has the fifth-highest GDP per capita of any nation on Earth. The bivariate dependency is modelled here through copulas, which are, loosely, joint distributions on the unit hypercube with uniform [0, 1] margins. (2019a). London: Palgrave Macmillan. All developed countries were located in either North America, Europe, or "Developed Asia and Pacific.". (2019). "Gas Explosion: What Caused the 2021 UK Energy Crisis? s \right|X_{b,s} \ge X_{d,t} } \right\} + 1$$, $$M_{n} \left( \varvec{u} \right) = n\mathop \sum \limits_{{\left| \varvec{u} \right|}}^{{}} \left\{ {C_{{\hat{\theta }_{n} }} \left( \varvec{u} \right) - B\left( \varvec{u} \right)} \right\}^{2} , \varvec{u } \in \left[ {0,1} \right]^{2}$$, $B\left( \varvec{u} \right) = \frac{1}{n}\sum 1\left( {U_{i} \le \varvec{u}} \right)$, $C_{{\hat{\theta }_{n} }} \left( \varvec{u} \right)$, $$C\left( {u,v;\,\theta } \right) = - \theta^{ - 1} \log \left( {\frac{{1 - e^{ - \theta } - \left( {1 - e^{ - \theta u} } \right)\left( {1 - e^{ - \theta v} } \right)}}{{1 - e^{ - \theta } }}} \right), \theta \in \left( { - \infty ,\infty } \right)$$, $$C\left( {u,v;\,\alpha } \right) = \left( {u^{ - \alpha } + v^{ - \alpha } - 1} \right)^{ - \alpha } , \alpha \in \left[ { - 1,\infty } \right)$$, $$C\left( {u,v;\,\delta } \right) = \exp \left\{ { - \left( {\left[ { - \log \left( u \right)} \right]^{\delta } + \left[ { - \log \left( v \right)} \right]^{\delta } } \right)^{{\frac{1}{\delta }}} } \right\},\delta \ge 1$$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02488-4, Not by Growth Alone: the Challenge of Development in a Globalized World, Human Development Over Time: An Empirical Comparison of a Dynamic Index and the Standard HDI, Trends in Income Inequality: Evidence from Developing and Developed Countries, A Development of the Human Development Index, The empirics of economic growth over time and across nations: a unified growth perspective, The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle: Asia 1960s to 2010s, Transforming Economic Growth into Inclusive Development: An International Analysis. The lower-middle income group has shown considerable catch-up since year 2000, also for a median country in the group. Mean years of schooling is an indicator of educational attainment preferable to enrollment rates, as it synthesizes multiple levels of education in one variable. London: Palgrave Macmillan. (2019). The paper highlighted the diverse pathways of different regions of the world (Sect. ", U.S. Energy Information Administration. Several countries, mostly in Eastern Asia and Eastern Europe have closed the gap despite less favorable starting conditions. Worlds apart: Measuring international and global inequality. And Why It Matters for Energy and Climate, A Tale of Two Surplus Countries: China and Germany: Abstract, Press Exports in May 2022: -0.5% on April 2022, International Health Care System Profiles: Germany, Poverty in India: Facts and Figures on the Daily Struggle for Survival, Ireland Joins OECD International Tax Agreement, These Are the Top 10 Manufacturing Countries in the World, Assessing Quality Across Healthcare Subsystems in Mexico, Polish Economy Returns to Growth Amidst Pandemic-Related Setbacks, GDP (Current US$) - Middle East & North Africa, OECD Reviews of Public Health: Korea: A Healthier Tomorrow, Literacy Rate, Adult Total (% of People Ages 15 and Above) - Spain, Health Insurance and the Healthcare System of Spain Explained, Table I.7. "GDP (Current US$) - China, Ireland. ", Swedish Institute. Somalia, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau, and Sierra Leone have experienced the biggest increases. A cross-country study. The regional findings are presented here split by eight regions based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) regions with reference to UN subregions. The United States was the richest developed country on Earth in 2021, with a total GDP of $23 trillion. (2010). It was the largest economy in the Middle East in terms of GDP in 2021; however, its economy lacks diversification. (2018) divided by total GDP. Then, they are transformed to [0, 1] margins and correlated (through Spearmans rank correlation) in two pairs: $X_{t}$ with $X_{t + 1}$ and $X_{t}$ with $X_{t - 1}$. As of 2020, French citizens enjoyed a higher-than-average life expectancy of 82 years since birth and a low infant mortality rate of three deaths per 1,000 live births (based on 2021 data). As of 2020, India had a life expectancy of 70 years since birth as well as an extremely high infant mortality rate of 26 deaths per 1,000 live births (based on 2021 data). 3). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database. Definition: the share of employed or economically active population whose primary occupation is in the industrial or services sector. As of 2020, Indonesia had a life expectancy of 69 years since birth, as well as a high infant mortality rate of 19 deaths per 1,000 live births (based on 2021 data). The best development for developing countries is benefiting from experiences of developed countries and progressing in parallel. Some have no definite direction in which an indicator changes with progress (e.g. Industry makes up 39%, with the remainder being agriculture. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Over 87% of government revenue is derived from oil exports, making Saudi Arabia the world's largest exporter of petroleum. The problem with the convergence concepts is that they were created in context of economic development and income growth. In order to calculate a time series of projected values, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation is carried out. 2017 values of selected demographic, economic and political indicators for developing countries by SDG regions. This nation demonstrates relative strength across all the metrics and combines a robust economy with a high standard of living for the majority of its residents. The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and convergence, Period. 4) and they continue until the most recent years, whereas progress in the middle-income countries has stalled. Canada's proximity to the United States and a favorable exchange rate have also contributed to a strong manufacturing climate in the country. In practice, the indicator was calculated based on the employment share in the agricultural sector, i.e. London: Penguin. Retrieved July 31, 2019. "Labor Force Participation Rate, Female (% of Female Population Ages 15+) (Modeled ILO Estimate). ", United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports. The paper draws conclusions in Sect. The time lags reveal how many years a country is behind the frontier in economic, social and technological development, and which indicator requires most effort as it has the highest number of years to catch-up. Countries of the region which do not rely on oil also made significant progress, with Israel and Cyprus projected to reduce their indicator-averaged time lags below zero in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Retrieved July 30, 2019. "How Does Excessive Debt Hurt an Economy?". However, their GDP grows at a higher rate than developed countries. For the analysis in Sect. The Kingdom of Thailand is the second-largest economy in Southeast Asia. The small island statesFiji, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatuhave all slightly diverged from the benchmark countries in the timeframe of the study. Definitions of the indicators and data sources are described in Appendix 2. Most indicators have shown great stability in the values of time lags, except for brief periods of improvement, across the world, income groups and continents. In developed countries, more people drive cars, fly on airplanes, and power their homes with electricity and gas. Southern Europe is a diversified region, with good progress of Malta, Portugal and Greece. Jecinta is an experienced writer who has been writing for more than three years and she has a degree in Finance and Accounting. OECD. The increased rural-urban migration has caused acute shortage of houses in urban areas hence forcing people to live in informal settlement areas, which leads to the formation of slums. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. Retrieved July 31, 2019. Those quantifiablegoals often call for an improvement by a given proportion of an indicator, e.g. Also, the global result in population-weighted terms is mostly influenced by progress in China, which can be estimated to be responsible for more than 90% of positive contribution to the reduction of the indicator-averaged time lag in the 1990s and almost 70% in both 2000s and 2010s. Economics Letters, 181, 4346. Of the 192 member states of the United Nations, only 52 are currently classified as high-income countries. Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries. Italy is ranked eighth in the world for overall GDP. "Literacy Rate, Adult Total (% of People Ages 15 and Above) - Spain. 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This average emission value forms the basis of the index. OECD.Stat [Data file]. The World Bank. Additionally, for collection of historical statistics and creating the aggregates for British India and Yugoslavia, the following aggregates were used: Serbia and Montenegro [Former]: Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia. For high-income countries, this happened around 1970, upper-middle income around 1980, lower-middle income around 1990 and lower income around 2000. Convergence. USSR [Former]: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Yet, the low fertility and population aging might soon become a problem, firstly in Europe and Eastern Asia, especially since they have a relatively high level of debt in a historical context. World economic outlook database [Data file]. Since 1980, those countries havent converged further with the benchmark, but it was rather lower-middle income countries (mostly in Southern Asia) that cut their time lag by almost half. "People, Places, and Cultures: Chapter 7.1 The Industrial Revolution. The aim of this paper is to analyze convergence between a benchmark comprising a group of developed countries and the rest of the world using the time lag method. GDP growth is heavily reliant on the services sector, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, whereas large oil and natural gas reserves are shrinking. The latter study has shown how time lags could be used to set convergence indicators in the context of European Unions cohesion policy, and development goals in context of national development strategies made by European countries. ", Confronting Poverty. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. In the period of 15years after achieving comparable GDP per capita to the least developed countries, an average benchmark country has only reduced its agricultural employment share from 57 to 54%. The main purpose of this paper is to provide careful documentation of the similarities and differences between the cities of rich countries and the cities of similar population but located in poor countries. "List of Newly Industrialized Countries. Illustrated glossary for transport statistics (4th ed.). The Netherlands also ranks very highly in terms of work/life balance, with almost 0% of residents reporting that they work long hours in comparison with the global average of 10%. Study Notes Developing Countries - Similarities and Differences Level: AS, A-Level Board: AQA, Edexcel, OCR, IB Last updated 3 Jul 2018 Share : There are many indicators that can be used to compare and contrast developing countries Exam Technique Revision Video: Economic Growth in Developing Countries Share : Economics Reference Study Notes Data sources for developing countries: 19202018: United Nations Statistical Yearbook, various editions, League of Nations Statistical Yearbook, Mitchell (1993, 1998a, b), Eurostat (2019), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2019), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2019), European Automobile Manufacturers Association (2019), International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (2017) and national statistical institutes, divided by total population (see Sect. Meanwhile, motorization has gained speed in the region, with the time lag unchanged since the late 2000s. The result will be a set of observations of $s$ during which the value of $X_{d,t}$ has been lower or equal to $\left\{ {X_{b,s} } \right\}$. Afghanistan is the only country in Southern Asia to noticeably increase its indicator-average time lag. An alternative calculation using the median value of an indicator per region was also made, but the results are only mentioned when they led to different conclusions than results from the other method. Asian Economic Policy Review, 3, 6782. As of 2020, Saudi Arabians had an average life expectancy of 76 years since birth as well as an infant mortality rate of six deaths per 1,000 live births (as of 2021). Sweden is one of the most highly developed post-industrial societies in the world. WIDER working paper 2017/192, United Nations University, Helsinki, Finland. According to the United Nations (UN), a nation's development status is a reflection of its "basic economic country conditions.". Data sources for benchmark countries: 18001954: United Nations Demographic Yearbook, various editions, League of Nations Statistical Yearbook, various editions, Allen (2000), Broadberry et al. 95% confidence interval) could be obtained. Standard database and web-based searches were conducted for publications in English between 1990 and 2010. , Samsa Latif, No Comment, March 20, 2023 Three countries of the region are currently ahead of an average benchmark country: Brunei (since 1979), Singapore (since 1987) and Hong Kong (since 1990). reducing poverty by half (SDG 1.2), reducing mortality from non-communicable diseases by a third (SDG 3.4) and doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency (SDG 7.3). (2018) divided by total GDP; 20152017: Le Qur et al. Nearly 74% of Italy's workers are employed in the services sector, while just over 2% work in agriculture, which is a strong indicator that this nation is developed. 2020). Productivity growth, convergence and welfare: What the long-run data show. ", The World Bank. 37, no. "South Korea. Consequently, Eastern Asia recorded a catch-up of 42years (to 33years), while South-Eastern Asia made a comparatively less impressive 22-year reduction of the lag (to 47years). Still, the indicator-averaged lag in the region declined from 61years in 1920 to 35years at present. Some of the indicators used to define a state as either developed or developing include the World Bank Income Classification, Human Development Index, and fall in Extreme Poverty among others. Ferraro, D. (2017). Still, many developing countries have had lower economic growth than the Asian developed countries, hence the median time lag in GDP per capita for developing countries declined by only 23years (97 to 74years) compared to 38years for the population-weighted score for developing world (Fig. ", United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports. Otherwise, the best results were achieved by Australia and New Zealand in the mid-nineteenth century (5% growth). 32, no. (2020). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Table 6 Comparison between the developed countries' cluster and common lists of developed countries for the year . Following several decades of rapid economic growth and global integration, the Republic of Korea has become a high-technology and industrialized nation, with its most important sectors being electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, and steel. Hence, they do not indicate the extent of effort needed by poor countries to reach the rich ones, or in other words, how far behind they are. Data sources for benchmark countries: 18002018: United Nations Demographic Yearbook, League of Nations Statistical Yearbook, Human Life-Table Database (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2019), Human Mortality Database (University of California and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2019), World Population Prospects: the 2019 revision (United Nations 2019), Eurostat (2019), OECD (2019), Raftery et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2012.08.004. The convergence was heavily driven by China and, from 1980, India. Definition: the number of passenger cars per 1000 persons, with passenger car usually defined as a road motor vehicle, other than a moped or a motor cycle, intended for the carriage of passengers and designed to seat no more than nine persons (including the driver) (Eurostat 2010). Land-Locked Developing Countries (LLDC) have very similar results to low-income or least developed countries, diverging from non-LLDC in economic indicators, but developing largely in parallel in other variables. ", Oklahoma State University Library via Pressbooks. "Poland. ", Amnesty International. ", 2023 Index of Economic Freedom. Results aggregated to the three United Nations development categories (More, Less and Least developed) show very similar patterns as for income groups. According to the OECD, the Netherlands fares well in providing its citizens with the tools necessary to build a high quality of life. ", The Borgen Project. Selection of countries and territories for the analysis required consideration of possible limitations in data availability as well as changes to the political divisions of the world in the past century. International convergence or higher inequality in human development? At 77.2%, the services sector accounted for the largest portion of the country's GDP according to the CIA World Factbook. Consequently, a different, probabilistic method was applied. A nation is typically considered to be "developed" if it meets certain socioeconomic criteria. "The World Bank in Thailand. Broadberry, S., Campbell, B. M. S., & van Leeuwen, B. Mazumdar, K. (2003). Though it has several characteristics of a developed nation, including the largest economy in South America or Central America, Brazil is still considered a developing country due to its lower GDP per capita, higher infant mortality rate, and other factors. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 8(4), 325359. They have shown evidence for both divergence (Decancq et al. For each of the 1000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations the index was computed separately, so that the uncertainty related to the year of the peak emissions is included in the overall uncertainty of the emissions index. Thanks to improved data availability from new research datasets, it was possible to add two indicators (compared with Paprotny 2016). https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx. Argentina had the smallest lag of all developing countries in 1920 (9years on average), but it has increased by 22years since then, which more than any country outside Africa. "Top 5 Fastest Developing Countries. Out of 161 countries (including 9 aggregate countries) for which data are available, GDP per capita in year 2017 was within the 80% confidence interval in 77 cases (48%) and within the 95% confidence interval in 124 cases (77%). https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018. 2018). Here, it is measured in constant prices and 2011 purchasing power parities (price levels of United States in 2011, in US dollars). https://doi.org/10.1787/d927bc18-en. After briefly discussing the possible explanations of the results in Sect. (2014) and national statistical institutes; 20192100: projections from the World Population Prospects: the 2019 revision. November 30, 2022 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was the fifth-largest country by GDP in 2020, with Great Britain being the first industrialized country in history. This suggests that history is difficult to escape: changes in income, mortality or education in developing countries have mostly followed historical paths taken by developed countries. Raw values of development indicators. McGillivray, M., & Pillarisetti, J. R. (2004). The dataset for benchmark countries is largely based on the data collected in Paprotny (2016), but it was expanded, thoroughly revised with latest estimates and projections, and amended with new sources of historical statistics. Author: George Bugliarello. Statistics Poland. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0991-9. (2019c). Most regions are more indebted than the benchmark countries, except for the Former USSR, Oceania and, by a small margin, Sub-Saharan Africa. "Flawed but Fair: Brazil's Health System Reaches Out to the Poor," Download PDF. Excess mortality rates for the developing world are much higher than what reported COVID-19 mortality data suggest: 2.5 times higher for UMICs, 12 times more for LMICs, and 35 times greater for . Strong economic growth.. The pairs of transformed margins were fitted to four one-parameter copula types (Gaussian, Gumbel, Clayton, Frank), representing various dependency structures (Joe 2014). (2009), which is the sum of squared differences between the empirical and the parametric copulas: where $B\left( \varvec{u} \right) = \frac{1}{n}\sum 1\left( {U_{i} \le \varvec{u}} \right)$ is the empirical copula, $C_{{\hat{\theta }_{n} }} \left( \varvec{u} \right)$ is a parametric copula with parameter $\hat{\theta }_{n}$ estimated from the sample of length $n$. Although the country is below average in environmental quality, the health and life expectancy for residents are in line with other developed countries. without the northernmost countries of the continent, has the highest time lag measured as a simple average of all indicators. The most known and highly contested examples involve GDP growth rates of the biggest developing economies, China and India, which might be grossly exaggerated (Subramanian 2019; Wu 2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/534320a. The same two groups are the only ones with higher share of old-age population, though they still have a higher share of working-age population, like all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa. 2018); 20182100: 2017 value used. 2.2), $L_{d,t} = 73.0$. Belgium lacks an abundance of natural resources, making it heavily reliant on imports of raw materials; however, given its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base, the country is well suited to act as a major exporter of manufactured goods. Genest, C., Remillard, B., & Beaudoin, D. (2009). The Netherlands on the European Scale 2019. "Human Development Index (HDI).". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3), 317. Russia is borderline at best on most developed-country metrics. And the Overall Quality is High, International Health Care System Profiles: Switzerland, Turkey Bids to Change Its Status From a Developed Country to a Developing One, People, Places, and Cultures: Chapter 7.1 The Industrial Revolution. Low supply of jobs has become an international issue in both developed and developing countries. This is an unsatisfactory result in context of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change, which threatens global convergence in well-being as well (Baarsch et al. HDI quantifies life expectancy, educational attainment, and income into a standardized number between zero and one; the closer to one, the more developed the country. Considering Colombia's Emerging Market Economy, Unemployment Rates: The Highest and Lowest in the World. , Gene Balinggan, No Comment, March 30, 2023 Reconstructing global inequality [Data file]. We will present through. The concentration of the world's population in urban areas is growing at an . "Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years). Retrieved July 31, 2019. The dataset for the benchmark countries was amended as in Paprotny (2016). Upper-middle income countries made good progress after 1980, but almost entirely thanks to the Chinese economy, as a median country in this group actually increased its lag since 1980 after a decline between 1960 and 1980.