semantic elevation examples semantic elevation examples

I, ed. Psychophys. What are the major types of semantic change? Typol. The first example comes from Tidore (North Halmahera), in which the elevational with the meaning UP is used to refer to locations and movements in the direction of the sultans palace even though the palace is located rather low.18 van Staden (2018) calls this usage royal up and shows that in certain cases it includes de facto downward movement. The only language I found so far that contradicts this otherwise robust cross-linguistic tendency is Yakkha. The word knight is a good example of this semantic phenomenon. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. You're sick! I then propose the elevational hierarchy along which the basic elevational meaning categories can be ordered. doi: 10.1017/9781108333818.002. A Grammar of Tulil. There are 5 main types of semantic change. What did 'pretty' mean in Middle English? Ukarumpa: SIL. Semantically, elevational demonstratives are deictic expressions that also convey elevational or verticality distinctions. Pejoration is a term used to describe the process where a word that once had a positive meaning acquires a negative one. Front. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. However, by Middle English, the main meaning of the word 'dizzy' had become 'to suffer from vertigo' which is the meaning we associate with the word nowadays. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. If the combination is tight such that the items are synchronically monomorphemic, this leads to the deceptive impression that the elevational component is also deictic. Woldemariam, H. (2001). The role of demonstratives in spatial cognition has been mainly investigated with respect to peripersonal space and distance as well as pointing, and the vast majority of controlled, experimental studies that I am familiar with examine languages with small demonstrative systems (English, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian, Turkish, etc.). Which is not an example of semantic change? Cogn. Utrecht: LOT. 'Pretty' used to have the negative meaning of someone or something that was cunning and astute. . The handling editor declared a shared affiliation, though no other collaboration, with the author DF at the time of the review. What is an example of a linguistic cause? Ngiyambaa. Table 10. The latest version of the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis, which is called Sociotopographic Model, states that languages spoken in similar topographic environments tend to have similar systems of absolute spatial reference, whereby social and cultural factors also play a role (Palmer et al., 2017). In Modern English this word is a word of great respect in the sense that in Britain the title of knighthood is conferred only on a person who has made remarkable achievements in his field or has done something remarkable for his country. Metaphors may also affect what certain words are associated with. The word, 'engine', was originally used to mean any war machine. "Amelioration (word meanings)." This meaning partially survives today in expressions such as 'a dizzy blonde', for example. It is the process in which a word's meaning becomes more generalised over time. Casad, E. H. (1984). The word 'sick' derives from the Old English word ____. Among the languages examined in this paper, Movima is particularly rich in demonstratives with unusual meanings such as temporary possession or standing position (Haude, 2006, pp. The degree to which the syntactic contexts are expressed by specialized, formally distinct elevational demonstratives varies. The identificational context of use has been and/or is also called predicative use (e.g., in the first typological paper on this topic written by Killian, unpublished.). Semantic narrowing is the process by which a word's meaning becomes less generalised (in other words more specific) over time. However, as a modern slang term, the word has been elevated and has taken on the positive meaning of 'great': Think of other slang words that have gone through a similar process like 'wicked', for example. For this study, morphemes were considered elevational demonstratives if they combine with a demonstrative stem in a single lexical item, or appear to express both demonstrative and elevational functions.5 In other words, elevational demonstratives are often morphologically and always semantically complex expressions that constitute single word forms. Grammaire de la Langue Avar (Langue du Caucase Nord-Est). Sign up to highlight and take notes. 110112; Boroditsky, 2001). (iii) Optional co-occurrence of demonstrative morphemes with elevational morphemes in a single word-form. Create and find flashcards in record time. EXTERIOR). Semantic reclamation occurs when a group of people who have been oppressed reclaim (or take back) a word that has been used in the past to disparage them. In linguistics, amelioration is the upgrading or elevation of a word's meaning, as when a word with a negative sense develops a positive one. For example, demonstratives in the Athabaskan language Tanacross (Alaska) morphologically and semantically combine deictic meaning (distality) with specific topographic and elevational morphemes. Only in the latter case the meaning would truly entail an absolute frame. Demonstrative verbs: a typology of verbal manner deixis. When talking about inhabitants of the village, a person might conventionally be referred to by an UP or DOWN demonstrative based on the permanent location of her house within the village, which is mentally divided into an upper part and a lower part, and not on the location of that person with respect to the speaker or another spatial anchoring. https://www.thoughtco.com/semantic-narrowing-specialization-1692083 (accessed May 1, 2023). Semantics refers to the study of meaning. These values can be ordered along the elevational hierarchy that reflects cross-linguistic frequency of occurrence (23): Elevational demonstratives with the meanings UP and DOWN are more commonly found than those with the meanings LEVEL or ACROSS (Table 7). Table 7. Aikhenvald, A. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. G. P. Reesink (Canberra: Australian National University), 181275. Doctoral dissertation, La Trobe University, Melbourne. Evidence for sociotopography. 1, first person; 2, second person; 3, third person; A, most agent-like argument of a transitive verb; ABL, ablative; ABS, absolutive; ACC, accusative; ACT.FOC, action focus; ADD, additive focus; ART, article; AZR, adjectivalizer; CERT, certainty; CLF, nominal class; CMPL, completive aspect; COMP, comparative; COOR, coordinator; COP, copula; CQ, content question; CTR, contrastive; CURR.REL, current relevance; D, d-classifier; DAT, dative; DEM, demonstrative; DERIV, derivational affix; DOWN, down(ward); DST, distal; DU dual, number; DUR, durative; DXVB, deictic verb; EMPH, emphasis; EXIS, existential; F, feminine; FUT, future; GEN, genitive; H, hearer; IMP, imperative; INCL, inclusive; INST, instrumental; IPFV, imperfective; IRR, irrealis; ITER, iterative; LOC, locative; M, masculine; MAN, manner; MIR, mirative; N, neuter; NMLZ, nominalizer; NON.FUT, non-future; NPST, non-past; NSG, non-singular; PFV, perfective; PL, plural; PN, proper name; POL, polite; PROG, progressive; PROX, proximal; PROXH, hearer-proximal; PROXS, speaker-proximal; PRS, present; PRT, particle; PST, past tense; PURP, purposive; REL, marker of relative clause; REMPST, remote past tense; REP, reported; RN.TOP, relator noun with the meaning top; S, speaker; SG, singular; SR, subordinator; SUB, subject; SUBJ, subject cross-referencing; TAG, tag particle; TOPIC, topic; TSR, temporal subordinator; UP, up(ward); VIS, visible; VOC, vocative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2012). Which best describes the meaning of amelioration? This can be gender marking as in the pronominal demonstratives in Baskeet (8) or in Khasi. It is caused by extralinguistic factors typically. These factors refer to the cultural reasons why a word's meaning may change. Semantic narrowing is when a word's meaning becomes more specific over time. . Doctoral dissertation, La Trobe University, Melbourne. Vignettes of Cora locatives. This means that FURTHER is equated with UP and NEARER with DOWN. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 65, 157167. What are some examples of semantic change? Have all your study materials in one place. It also goes beyond more specific surveys such as Post (2011, 2017) and Schapper (2014), which devote considerable space to elevationals, but focus on particular linguistic areas/languages families. For example, in Shakespeare's time, actors were living in the low class of society and were looked down upon. H. I. Aronson (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press), 7993. Some examples of amelioration include dizzy, pretty, Knight, Lord, and Lady. This meaning grew more specific until the word 'meat' was only used when relating to one type of food (animal flesh). 11:1712. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01712. The peculiarity of the vertical axis has also been examined in psychology. Over time, as jazz music grew in popularity, the word started to be used in other contexts. For example, Sanzhi Dargwa has a general elevational system clearly based on an abstract vertical axis (Forker, 2019). 188189). There are four major types of semantic change. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. of the users don't pass the Amelioration quiz! Space, time, semantics, and the child, in Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language, ed. Amelioration is also known as semantic elevation. There are two types of landmarks outside and generally further away from the speaker that naturally expand along the vertical dimension, namely topographical contour (i.e., mountains including hills or large rocks) and hydrological contour (i.e., rivers and creeks).10 The vertical dimension of rivers might not be obvious at first glance. Elevational values are frequently co-expressed with distance-based meanings of demonstratives, and it is almost always distal demonstratives that express elevation, whereas medial or proximal demonstratives can lack elevational distinctions. By the 13th century, the meaning of the word had changed to 'a woman of superior position in society'. In Usan and Eipo, elevational demonstratives can be used as modifiers within a noun phrase (i.e., adnominal use), but not in the syntactic function of determiners. Masters thesis, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby. In Makalero and Baskeet, the relation is UP = east and DOWN = west, (and Baskeet has additionally over there = north/south). Doctoral dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra. Sanzhi Dargwa and other East Caucasian languages formally distinguish elevational demonstrative adverbials (with spatial and manner semantics) from nominal demonstratives by means of derivational suffixes, and also has a separate class of copular demonstratives. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Amelioration occurs for different extralinguistic reasons, such as cultural factors and changes in society over time. Berlin: de Gruyter. Many languages have words for up and down or higher and lower, but not all languages have this semantic distinction grammaticalized as part of certain closed class items, most notably demonstratives, which are the topic of this paper, but also spatial preverbs and case systems. Items expressing elevational meaning can combine with deictics, in particular with demonstratives. Pejoration involves the process of degenerating meaning over time so that a word takes on more negative connotations. Linguistic semantics has been defined as the study of how languages organize and express meanings. A Grammar of Kurtp. The word 'attitude' is an example of pejoration. The topographic and elevational morphemes express also directional and locational meanings (e.g., allative). doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. In their demonstrative systems, languages repeatedly combine elevation with distance. Pejoration is a type of semantic change that is more common than amelioration. The deictic center is usually egocentric, i.e., the speakers location serves as the ground, but can also shift depending on the speech situation. Other examples of specialization are deer, which originally had the general meaning 'animal,' girl, which meant originally 'a young person,' and meat, whose original meaning was 'food.'" (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Doctoral dissertation, Radbound University, Nijmegen.