Leading figures within the movement, such as Emmeline Pankhurst, founded the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) to change the majority-held views onthe role of women in society. Hence, changes away from the preferred majority position presumably are experienced as losses, with changes away from the minority position presumably experienced as gains. Terms of Use
An important feature of this procedure is that participants actively experienced their social position within the interacting group. Soc. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. When a significant number of majority members publicly acknowledge their adoption of the minority position, a new norm is created, effectively turning the initial minority into the majority and vice versa. Try the easy-to-remember FORM technique, A new study claims that appreciation of black humor is a sign of intelligence, Asch: Social Influence, Conforming in Groups. How do our infant relationships affect those we have as we grow older? The resultant increase, however mild, in positive reactions among minorities and continuing positive reactions among majorities should render the group changed via tolerance stronger than its counterpart changed via conversion (Hypothesis 3, see Agenda item 3). Nemeth, C. J. The researchers found that when the confederate seated themselves, without guidance, at the head seat, other participants were more likely to agree with their suggestion of an amount of compensation than if they followed the experimenter's directions. Vol. Rev. Figure 1. This research has also documented many contingencies for such impact, including newcomers and the existing group members idiosyncratic and shared characteristics (for reviews, see Levine and Prislin, 2013; Levine and Tindale, 2015). van Zomeren, M. (2015). A. Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? Indeed, it is part of the social psychology canon as evident by its coverage in nearly all social psychology textbooks, handbooks (e.g., Nemeth, 2012; Butera et al., 2017), and encyclopedias (e.g., Crano, 2010). That may be enough to artificially postpone Americas majority minority milestone again and reassure the millions of white Americans who feel threatened by the increasing status and power of todays ethnic minorities. 13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. Appetite 168:105693. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105693, Deutsch, M., and Gerard, H. B. An additional unique 33 empirical studies have been published since then and the end of December 2020, as identified searching the PsycInfo database, manually searching outlets in which earlier studies on minority influence appeared, and cross-reference checking.2 As evident in Figure 1, after a somewhat slow startor, one could say, a delayed impact of Moscovicis ideasthis research saw a steady increase in representation in scientific outlets, reaching its zenith in the 1990s, but gradually declining in the subsequent two decades.3. This has been recognized in the literature on social movements or social actions as vehicles for effecting social change. 93, 2332. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. 42, 2530. Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Given the racialized nature of our political parties, it also has electoral consequences. (2011). The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. In the group, confederates were instructed to misidentify the slides as being green, contrary to participants own observations. Minority influence and political interest groups, in The Social Psychology of Politics. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.388. According to reactance theory. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. J. Pers. Thus, immediately in the aftermath of social change whereby minorities become majorities and vice versa (minority majority), the former should react only mildly positively, and the latter should react intensely negatively, toward the group in which they switched positions. Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. c. public compliance. Even though it promoted the rights of a minority of the population, the movement helped to end public segregation based on race with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. Psychol. J. Pers. Psychol. There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. She suggests that the result of minority influence, when compared to majority influence, is that the former nurtures divergent thinking, whereas compliance with the demands of the majority reduces differences in opinion amongst a groups members (Nemeth, 1986). Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence. Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. Psychol. In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. According to the genetic model of Moscovici (1976), the power of minorities to effect social change lies in their capacity to create a social conflict with majorities through vigorous advocacy of their position. people should benefit those who benefit them. (1998). Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence. Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). Self-organizing social systems: necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of consolidation, clustering, and continuing diversity, in Progress in Communication Science: Persuasion. Personal. Soc. Because of the vital role social support plays in sustaining any argued position (Prislin and Wood, 2005), gaining social support by virtue of social change (minority majority) should increase a successful minoritys capacity to continue to advocate their position. Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: qualitative versus quantitative differences. If you're one of the many people who gets stressed out when it comes to taking exams then we have a few tips for you that will help you to overcome this and really concentrating on achieving good grades. Specifically, a minority faction was created by having most confederates oppose the participants stance on one or more socially important issues; conversely, a majority faction was created by having most confederates support the participants stances. A look at how social influence affects opinions and behavior. Comparative analyses from multiple lines of research have documented an asymmetry in distribution of tangible benefits (e.g., jobs, wealth) and intangible benefits (e.g., validation, status) favoring majorities over minorities. (1981). 14. ed. In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. doi: 10.1177/0146167291175001, Brodbeck, F. C., Kerschreiter, R., Mojzisch, A., and Schulz-Hardt, S. (2007). Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. Nemeth, C. J., and Walacher, J. Soc. Through a historical lens, being white in America today is like belonging to a once-exclusive social club that had to loosen its membership criteria to stay afloat. The field took notice. Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, rprislin@sdsu.edu, New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all
Whereas numerous other factors may be proposed, they likely covary with the included factors of time, competitive influence dynamics, and motivation. While standing firm, minorities must also convey a level of open-mindedness in acknowledging others positions to avoid being perceived as rigid (Papastamou and Mugny, 1985). Nemeth, C. J. Length of time it takes to effect social change may vary but social change is always a process of evolution. One obvious example are elites, though, it could be argued that they represent numerical minorities but not necessarily non-normative minorities. As nothing stands still, any groups position is only temporary. Soc. 53, 4152. Mere consensus effects in minority and majority influence, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. 5. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1181, Keywords: minority influence, social change, social influence, majority influence, group dynamics, Citation: Prislin R (2022) Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1437, David, B., and Turner, J. C. (1996). Copping With Minority Status. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). Psychol. Our history shows that Americas demographic boundaries evolve with the countrys composition. Vol. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). Even a cursory analysis of just about any social change reveals that it takes time to alter social relations and social structure within a group. As we are currently re-evaluating our standards of conduct in light of repeated replication failures, which some label a crisis, it may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the practice of taking publication productivity as a proxy for scientific contribution. Br. Learn to interpret the hidden meanings behind the themes of your dreams and nightmares. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. Changing majority and minority positions within a group vs. an aggregate. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. (1990). Here are some tips. Psychol. Jung, J., Bramson, A., Crano, W. D., Page, S. E., and Miller, J. H. (2021). eds. J. Exp. To orient research toward social change, a research agenda is presented, along with a few illustrative studies. Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. b. informational social influence. Hence, the proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive, and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. (1997). So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. S. Papastamou, A. Gardikiotis, and G. Prodromitis (London: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group), 173197. 22, 177189. Sign Up. 1, 2744. (1989). Psychol. Older generations may still be focused on century-old divisions, but younger Americans are starting to blur them. One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. 2. eds. Aust. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Privacy & Cookies
Social influence can occur when a minority (small group) changes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of a majority; this is known as minority influence. Minorities have been pigeonholed, pathologized, stigmatized, and dismissed in a countless way (Moscovici, 1994, p. 239). A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. WebContends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. The motives of a minority, as perceived by other individuals, can also affect the influence it is able to exert on the majority. The dynamic nature of this process is additionally evident in its competitive nature as minorities and majorities contest each other while advancing their own position. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. eds. Gordijn, E. H., de Vries, N. K. and de Dreu, C. K. W. (2002). Yet, the minority seems to be prevailing, giving credence to Mahatma Gandhis saying that fist they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win. Though far from the final win, this evolving minority-inspired social change is real and multifaceted, at least in the developed world. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. Prislin, R., Boyle, S., Davenport, C., Farley, A., Jacobs, E., Michalak, J., et al. eds. Moreover, a disciplinary general focus on the individual level of analysis made social change a challenging object of inquiry. A. informational social influence because it happens when a person conforms to gain On the other hand, minorities motivated to be socially accepted need not necessarily seek converts to their position.5 Rather, they may pursue social change by advocating for tolerance. I am not arguing that the Census Bureau should stop collecting this valuable data, la Frances farcical attempt to be secular and race blind. This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. When first introduced, Moscovicis idea about the power of minorities to instigate change was very much a minority idea. eds. doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. Prislin, R., Crowder, M., and Donnelly, K. (2017). This may explain the snowball effect of minority influence, whereby individuals are attracted to a viewpoint on the basis that they believe it is becoming more acceptable, and is gaining popularity amongst other members. From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. A minority opinion is also termed dissenting The confidence of a minority can also affect its ability to influence other members. This change in private opinion prompts a shift in behavior, and a member may promote his or her newly-acquiredview to other members of the group. It is possible that we are now in the process of similarly altering our conception of whiteness again. doi: 10.1037/amp0000844. Soc. The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. In these lines of research, group-level outcomes (e.g., consensual decisions, problem solving) are of focal interest, with minority influence being one of the multitude of processes underlying such outcomes. Bulletin Swisse des Psychologues 7, 36. This original momentum may subsequently garner greater support and even turn majorities into advocates for change who, in the process of social cryptomnesia, often forget its originators (Mugny and Prez, 1989). Conversion and tolerance are fundamentally distinct paths to social change with different consequences for group dynamics (Prislin et al., 2018). Psychol. Early research into the ability of minority influence to affect a groups attitudes and behavior was conducted by social psychologist, Serge Moscovici. F. Butera and J. M. Levine (Cambridge University Press), 333353. Psychol. It remained consistently high over time. The reasons for a paucity of longitudinal studies are many. Social influence exerted by minorities motivated by social control may differ from social influence exerted by their validation-motivated and acceptance-motivated counterparts. Moscovicis initial theorizing makes it clear that changing an individuals mind is, at most, a potential intermediatory step toward social change. People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence. The conflict elaboration theory of social influence, in Understanding Group Behavior: Small Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 91121. Charlan Nemeth, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, argues a further difference between minority and majority influence.
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