Sedanloya to settle in the Degen area, their descendants became the later Degen The dominant sect is Ngorpa, a sub-sect of Syakyapa. 2011. Theory of culture change: The methodology of multilinear evolution. Reporting directly to the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Global, Culture & Engagement), the Chief of Staff, Global, Culture and Engagement is a key member of the Portfolio's leadership team and will manage the portfolio to ensure the timely and efficient execution of a range of international programs; provide strategic oversight to and ensure support for the Committees, Advisory Groups and Working . This paper presents Loba identity on their self-categorization, language, homeland, cultural practices, religious or spiritual practices, settlement types, types of social categories, and livelihood pattern, because without such knowledge, the roles of their institutions in adaptation facilitation cannot be understood adequately. We have also used secondary data to evaluate the facts and ideas, from published scholarly journals to grey literature on the related themes. Legend has it that the wall was built over the intestines of a demon felled by Guru Padmasambhava. Aani Gomba was found in Thinger, Tsarang, and Lo-manthang in the past. Jomsom is a windswept, desolate outpost in northern Nepal in the shadow of the Annapurna range, which stops all rain-bearing clouds. There were apple and apricot orchards and alfalfa fields. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 9: 141175. A dyeing method in which fabrics are partially tied up so that t. O Bai (about 1610) - 1669, Manchu: Oboi) Guwalgiya Manchuria is set in Huangqi banner. This sort of household support management overcomes severe famine and extreme poverty caused by disasters. National population and housing census 2011 (village development committee/municipality). Pasture is managed in turn by splitting them into plots. The living customs of the Loba people are He Cultural, religious and archaeological heritage of Lo-manthang and their restoration. The Luba are savanna and forest dwellers who practice hunting, food gathering, and agriculture (cassava, corn [maize]), keep small livestock, and live in villages of a single street, with rectangular thatched-roof huts along either side. The prospect of bouncing about again in a bus bound for Jomsom for 12 to 15 hours stared us in the face. We can also observe a new development in the family and marriage system, people are practicing family planning, which allows the birth of a few children, so no more celibacy is required to control the population. Until 2008 AD, Lo-manthang was the capital town of the Lo Kingdom and Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista was the last King who had official recognition of raja (titular King) from the Government of Nepal. 5278. Other visible impacts reported are increased invasive species, changed phenology of plants, increased incidents of crops and livestock diseases, and changed habitats of disease vectors. Ancestors of the Loba Nationality" declared by Milin County of Tibet Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Examples could be seen in the three storied houses built by feudal lords; the common people and those in the . Thickly forested area is sparsely populated. Lhoba societies are patriarchal and in the feudal past, women had no rights and had inherited nothing from their husbands and fathers. Timsina, R.B. Introduction: Anthropology and climate change. 2068. The Dhongbas are units of production of the local social-ecosystem that are entitled to use local resources within the context of the institutions agreed rules, norms, and values. Many farmers have stopped farming activities in Lo-manthang, as a consequence, widespread abandonment of the cultivated land is observed. The following day, we set out after breakfast, trudging through the pebbly riverbed. Shrestha, Arun B., and Raju Aryal. Kathmandu: Social Science Baha. Used with permission from Adopt-A-People Clearinghouse. Historical studies documented that the Lo Kingdom was incorporated into modern Nepal in 1789, maintaining a distinct cultural identity. PubMedGoogle Scholar. These options have changed dramatically in the last few decades with the influence of Nepali state and globalization as a whole. Left Coast Press. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (A publication of Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM) 24 (2): 737756. today. All Lhoba tribes celebrate The New Year after heavy harvesting and many also like to hold wedding ceremonies during the new year celebrations. The continuity and changes, and the turn systems are the major mechanisms adopted by the Loba to cope with changing socio-economic, and environmental conditions. As the crow flies, that would have been the shortest route, except that we were not crows and the route entailed going up and down one mountain after another until we reached Jomsom. In these caves, relics from a Bon past were found alongside Buddhist artefacts. The Loba community sustained their livelihoods through the adoption of agriculture and livestock system, as well as the salt, and grain trade. In the past, the Loba followed the reme ghapkin to serve the palaces kitchen management, rituals, water, fuel, fodder, livestock, security, and handling other business as well (Table 2). This is happening despite the availability of all sorts of facilities at Gomba. This was to be the easiest part of the Mustang trek. Until the 1950s, the Loba tribes were The area became restricted to foreigners for centuries and opened for controlled tourism only after 1992. Kailash, 7 (3 & 4), pp. volume7, Articlenumber:4 (2023) The Ani Gompa, the Tsarang monastery, is a colourful structure painted extravagantly in ochre and red and visible from miles away. Lately, tourism became a significant source of income for Lhoba people. Architecture The view of this town from the bend was impressive. Many Loba people migrated to work in high-earning countries and regions like the USA, Europe, and Japan, and supplied a high cash flow. Some Lamas, who moved out from the Gomba, run private boarding schools with the support of local and foreign well-wishers. tight lower body and wrapped legs. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8480. It was probably the toughest stretch in our entire trek, even tougher than the trudge in the dark to ABC. This new phenomenon harms Lamaism and monastic life in Lo-manthang. Since the area does not allow grain cultivation, until very recently, most Lhoba people depended on hunting. The Loba typically drink butter tea before and after work for energy and to prevent chapped lips. New voices are raised against these age-old rules. Chapter Lo Manthang is a walled city tucked away in the folds of high mountain ranges far and away from intrusive crowds and even Nepals administrative reach. Blanks mean an unknown value. The change from obligatory labor to paid labor has been witnessed as the titular kingship ended, the last King died; and the family of the present King lives mostly in Kathmandu. Dhongba also manages the royal herds. They are privileged to participate in rituals and community festivals and have influential roles in community decision-making. Led by photographer Taylor Weidman and writer Nina Wegner, the Vanishing Cultures Project aims to help. Despite the changes in the natural environment, geo-political relations, politics in Nepal, infrastructural development, and technological advancement that have taken place within the last seven decades in the region, the King, ghenba, dhongba, Lama have been playing a crucial role in maintaining a balanced relationship between people, surrounding environment and livestock, which ultimately supports peace, prosperity, and harmony among the people by regulating, managing, and protecting agriculture, pasture, and the monuments in Lo-manthang. The Loba institutions have enduring characteristics which have facilitated the enhancement of the adaptive capacity of the Loba people in the harsh environmental condition of Upper Mustang. The village head political system of Lower Mustang is described by Vinding (1994), in which two village heads, a treasurer, and six village workers are elected each year by the villagers, which is different from the formal politico-administrative governance unit of the state. Road networks have linked them to the market, which supplies required materials at a lower price and through easier ways than producing those consumables locally. Nevertheless, the process has created a cultural problem in maintaining Gomba since the number of Lama is reduced, which is implicated in the availability of lama for rituals despite their rituals demand many Lamas at a time. Similarly, the seasonal weather pattern has become unpredictable as some winters are warmer than the springs as winter snowfall is shifted to early spring. Kham Sang is responsible and honest with more than six years of guide experience in Tibet.She has strong interpersonal skills and can communicate effectively with tourists. Barnes, Jessica, and Michael R. Dove. As a result, members of the system are less burdened financially. precious and living historical data of life and culture for future generations. culture of Loba. Evangelicals = 2% Professing Christians > 50% 4 statement and Its territory includes the source of the Kali Gandaki River. However, existing literature grossly ignored the value of indigenous institutions as the adaptation mechanism to socio-cultural, techno-economic, politico-institutional, and geo-environmental dynamics. The Mustangi King had a good relationship with the Kings of Nepal in Kathmandu. The ever-increasing cash income has a greater impact on the economy of households and communities of Loba. Agrawal, Arun. The Lobas speak the Tibeto Burman language and follow different sects of Tibetan Buddhism. 169190. Education and rituals are integral parts of livelihood systems, particularly as the primary function of Buddhist education is to develop an attitude of having belief and values for the individual, nature, and a system of balance, harmony, and co-existence. Electricity, telephone and internet facilities are extended to this remote location. Caizhao Village now has a small village with Lhoba features, a folk customs museum. They are also required to manage the household economy (land, livestock, trade), and look after their entire family members, including the parents, brothers, and sisters, until they become adults. We had to clamber on hands and feet to reach Tsaile but decided to move on after lunch to the next camp, in Samar. The indigenous institutions are place-based, and their evolution is concerned with reducing vulnerability and enhancing the resilience capacity of place-based communities to cope with and adapt to local natural and socio-cultural environmental dynamics. Lama Chhiring Tashi said that promoting family planning and wider advocacy of/for human rights are responsible for decreasing the number of Lama in Chhode Gomba in Lo-manthang. The Kuthak and ghenba support the monarch in political affairs and ruling the Loba community of Upper Mustang. Occasionally, a daring four-wheel-drive vehicle might brave the odds to drive to Lo Manthang, the capital. Puga Nara. Local institutions and adaptive capacity to climate change/variability in the northern savannah of Ghana. Shrestha, Uttam Babu, Shiva Gautam, and Kamaljit S. Bawa. In great need of spiritual renewal and commitment to biblical faith. Lhoba religion practices include shamanism, spiritual healing, fortune-telling and wizardry. The ru-shya, cross-cousin marriage, is also a cultural identity of Lobas. The Lo King and his officials sponsored to arrange religious councils between 14721475, where over nine hundred monks attended the meetings (Dhungel 2002). Mustang was close to the Tibetan salt mine of Naithapaila and Lo-Kingdom had a customary monopoly on the salt trade. Oddly shaped blood vessels on this freshly harvested liver are bad omens. The payment of the chheba becomes higher if someone lets the animal to the crop-field during the night, which can reach as high as NPR 50,000 to 100,000, which is quite a high amount of money. 2001. The Loshar, Tiji, and Yartung are major seasonal and ritual festivals of Loba that supports maintaining social and cultural relationship among them as well as attracting tourists to Upper Mustang. H.R. How the Himba came to be The first settlements of the Himba people can be traced back to the early 16th century when they crossed the Angolan border and chose Kaokoland (nowadays called Kunene region) as their new homeland. 1996. to wear a sophisticated belt, which is made of rattan, leather, wool and District Profile of Mustang, 2068 (in Nepali Mustang Jillako Bastugat Bibaran, 2068). We soon realised it was a huge risk to change travel plans mid trek, especially in these parts where villages are far away from each other. Xudulong Festival is the most special Lhoba festival which is celebrated on the second month of Tibetan calendar. The Upper Mustang lies between 30005000m from sea level, however, the main human settlement of Lo-manthang is located at an altitude of 3700m above the sea level. years, Loba men usually cross long knives, wear fur hunting clothes and fur Since ancient The Lhoba people are very superstitious and have many taboos related to Wuyong. still using the original way of slash and fire to engage in agricultural The Buddhist Loba people there still farm with wooden plows and spend hours spinning prayer wheels, chanting mantras, and consulting Buddhist astrologers on every aspect of life. Kilolo, chiefs, headed local village government. One of the works of the Lama is to assist people in erecting lungta in different locations of the settlements, agricultural fields, and sacred sites, including the cemetery. The Last King of Mustang, the 21st descendant of King Ame Pal1440 (Dhungel 2002), died in 2016. The singing music of Daxian opera belongs. In fact, their homes are never built toward the South because of the fierceness of these winds. hang knives, sickles and other ornaments made of copper and shellfish. For example, the feudal lords build three-story houses; but the common people and those in the lower castes are only allowed to build single-story houses without walled in compounds. The Loba tribespeople living in the village of Dhe in Nepal are increasingly abandoning their homes as climate change transforms the landscape. Life and livelihoods in the Forbidden Kingdom, the Trans-Himalaya. They also mediate and hear the local disputes relating to the civil law of the village. Climate change in Nepal and its impact on Himalayan glaciers. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 11: 2459. Lo is home to three beautiful gompas with exquisite murals, Choede, Jhampa and Thubchen, all in various states of disrepair. The fixation of the high amount of fine indicates the value of crops and the sensitiveness of crops for food security. 2021. The concept of Wuyong has a significant influence on the life and work of Lhoba people. In Lo-manthang, in particular, and in Upper Mustang in general, households are classified into three types; 1) Dhongba, 2) Ghyanchen and 3) Samasume. 192211). 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Although the diet varies in different regions, roasting is the most popular way of cooking. area of Nanyi). Very basic agriculture to supplement hunting was practiced. This is a unique feature of the Loba, but one that is slowly diminishing. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Abadani, the ancestor of the Loba people, Samasume includes those households formed by children who are usually grown up in maternal homes and are illegitimate for the ancestral property. NGOs also assisted Gombas financially and materially. The Loba live in a kingdom that was founded by a fierce soldier under the oppression of feudal lords. Lamas also play a leading role during disasters and support people in coping. It is multi-sectoral practice (Fig. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Earlier, the land of the Gomba used to be cultivated by those households who sent their children to the Gomba as Lama or Anis. Ask God to send Christian tourists and hikers to Nepal who will share the love of Jesus with the Loba. According to the Amchi Ghyacho, there are three kinds of human life situations in which a Lama needs to perform rituals: Nakchi rituals are performed for sick people; Sinchi rituals are performed for dead persons; Karcha rituals are performed during the marriage and the birth of a child in a family. Festival culture is one of the most obvious Today, most Lhoba people celebrate The New Year Festival but their celebration date and style is different than typical Tibetan. To our left was the Kali Gandaki, gurgling and content. 2056 B.S. The formal Kingship ended by the Nepali state in 2008. Under the strict feudal society of Tibet, Lhoba people were considered inferior and 'wild. The ABC trail was cool most of the way, thickly forested, with jaw-dropping scenerygurgling streams, flower-carpeted valleys, rhododendron slopes and bamboo busheswhereas the trek from Jomsom to Lo Manthang must be one of the most barren stretches on the planet, with nary a blade of grass, no tree offering shade, no grass to tickle your feet, just sand everywhere, two-feet deep in places, trying to swallow your boots. The Ghenba, Tamanage Bista said: the fine locally known as chheba, can be asked in a bigger amount. So here we were going round and round the mountain trails of dust and sand, often losing sight of the Manang range and the Nilgiri, which were our markers. covered with heavy ornaments. https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1139. 2000. They also give to the poor and needy, and abstain from sexual relations during this time. The popular way of cooking is putting the game in fire and covering by ashes to prepare for eating. They work in the royal fields and look after the royal herd on a turn basis. All those heaps of rocks that we would have climbed seemed like a models ramp compared with this ride. For a town with a population of just 800, Lo seemed to be bustling with activity. Buddhism seems to have been integrated into the original Bon faith. Introduction. Ostrom, Elinor. Depending upon the case, the norms defaulter may be asked to be present in front of the village assembly, where, the senior Lama from Chodea Gomba and the Lo King might also be attended. John Murry. Rules of society are based on the values of respect and honor. These institutions are built-in social bonds, known as social cement, with reciprocity for mutual benefits (Yaro et al. - Evangelicals have a significant presence. Cambridge University Press. In . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 9 (4): 219222. and women like chili pepper, snuff and alcohol. As they mature, they hunt animals in deep forest alone or by teams. If you want to experience a small window to distant hunter-gatherer past of our species, Tibet offers a surprising and unique experience: The Lhoba people. Local feudal are above the local ghenba rules. The autonomous institutions of Loba have been playing a crucial role in framing compulsory obligations, ensuring access to and control over valuable local resources through a system of reme ghapkin, a democratic system of turn, which is based on community rules. As local youth of Lo-manthang migrated out, the cheap labor from other districts immigrated to the place seasonally, mostly to work in farm-fields, repairing irrigation canals, and fencing farm-fields, as well as the construction of house building and roads and bridges. Two households were responsible as nechhang nerpa, the economic manager of the palace during the Kings rule. Norway: University of Oslo. They are supposed to contribute compulsory labor to maintain the irrigation system. The pressure on monks at Gomba from local people has decreased. Today there are about 4000 Lhoba people in China but many Lhoba people also live in northeast India, Bhutan and Myanmar. Similarly, the rates of temperature rise vary in different ecological zones of Nepal: Trans-Himalaya (0.090 C), Himalaya (0.060C), Middle Mountain (0.080 C), Siwalik (0.040 C), and Tarai (0.040 C).